![]() ![]() AAs can be divided into essential and nonessential categories. Moreover, hormones and different low-molecular-weight biologically important chemical compounds can be synthesized from AAs. Accumulating evidence in recent years has demonstrated that AAs also regulate both the expression of genes and the protein phosphorylation cascade. However, many AAs have specific individual functions, such as neurotransmission, cellular energy metabolism, and detoxification. This property is the most famous aspect of AAs. Indeed, protein synthesis relies on the well-known polymerization of AAs to form a peptide bond. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.Įven for students just beginning to study biochemistry and physiology, it is immediately apparent that amino acids (AAs) are among the most important molecules in nature. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. ![]() Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. The results indicated that the peripherally administered taurine and GABA can scavenge free radicals and protect the tissue against activated carbonyl in vivo and in vitro.For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. It was shown that MDA concentration was decreased significantly, and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased significantly in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of acute epileptic state rats, after the administration of taurine and GABA. In vivo, we studied the effect of taurine and GABA as antioxidants by detecting MDA concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. The results provided perspective into the reaction mechanism of taurine and GABA as targets of activated carbonyl such as MDA in protecting nerve terminals. The results indicated that scavenging activated carbonyl function of taurine and GABA is very strong and that of Glu and Asp is very weak in pathophysiological situations. In vitro, direct reaction between malondialdehyde (MDA) and amino acids was researched using different analytical methods. The purpose of this study is to determine if amino acid neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine, glutamate (Glu), and aspartate (Asp) can scavenge activated carbonyl toxicants.
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